Dangerous goods - substances, materials and products that have properties, the manifestation of which during transportation can cause an explosion and (or) fire, lead to death, illness, injury, poisoning, exposure or burns to people and (or) animals, as well as cause damage structures, vehicles, other objects of transportation and (or) harm the environment.
Transportation of dangerous goods - a set of organizational and technological operations for the movement of dangerous goods by rail, road, water, air and other modes of transport or a combination of these modes of transport.
At the initiative of the United Nations was createdADREuropean agreement on the international carriage of dangerous goods by road,it operates on the territory of all EU countries, as well as in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Morocco. In Russia, a similar one is calledADR. In addition to ADR, the transport of dangerous goods is also regulated in accordance with the Interim Instruction "On the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road" of the Ministry of Transport.
In addition to this agreement, the following agreements for the transport of dangerous goods are in force in Europe:
IMDG CODE (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code)- International code for the carriage of dangerous goods by sea (MK RID).
ICAO-TI (Technical Instructions for The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by AIR)- instructions for the carriage of dangerous goods by air, ICAO document 9284.
RID (International Regulations Concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail)- an agreement on the carriage of dangerous goods by rail.
Dangerous goods are classified into classes based on the UN Model Regulations and Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, and according to the hazardous properties of the goods.
Dangerous goods are also divided into classes and subclasses, according to GOST 19433-88 and RID MK (International Code of Maritime Transportation of Dangerous Goods). Their classification (assignment to a class, subclass, category and group) is made depending on the type of hazard. Types of hazards are classified according to the following criteria.Explosiveness, Flammability, Toxicity (toxicity), Causticity (corrosivity), Radioactivity, Oxidation (combustion-promoting properties)
Explosive materials that, due to their properties, can explode, cause a fire with an explosive effect, as well as devices containing explosives and explosives designed to produce a pyrotechnic effect.
The main danger is an explosion.
Gases compressed, liquefied by cooling and dissolved under pressure, meeting at least one of the following conditions: the absolute vapor pressure at a temperature of 50C is equal to or higher than 3 kgf / cm³ 30 kPa); critical temperature below 50C; compressed, the critical temperature of which is below -10C; liquefied, the critical temperature of which is equal to or above -10C, but below 70C; liquefied, the critical temperature of which is equal to or higher than 70C; dissolved under pressure; liquefied by hypothermia; aerosols and compressed gases subject to special regulations.
There is no major hazard as there are various hazardous properties.
2.4 Flammable poisonous gases.
2.5 Chemically unstable.
2.6 Chemically unstable poisonous.
The main danger is fire.
3.1 Low flash point flammable liquids and liquids having a closed cup flash point below minus 18°C or having a flash point in combination with hazardous properties other than flammability.
3.2 Flammable liquids with an average flash point - liquids with a flash point in a closed crucible from minus 18 to plus 23C.
3.3 Flammable liquids with a high flash point - liquids with a flash point from 23 to 60C inclusive in a closed cup.
Flammable substances and materials (other than those classified as explosives) that can easily ignite during transportation from external sources of ignition, as a result of friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical transformations, as well as when heated.
Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides which are capable of readily releasing oxygen, supporting combustion, and which, under appropriate conditions or in mixture with other substances, may cause self-ignition and explosion.
The main danger is oxidation.
1. Solid materials, Section 5.1, which, after testing in accordance with UN Regulations, have a burning time less than or equal to 3:7 that of potassium bromate/cellulose.The main danger is thermal instability, that is, an explosion is possible when heated.
Organic peroxide (Section 5.2) includes: any carbon compounds containing oxygen (O) with a divalent -O-O- bond, as well as being products of carbon compounds in the structure of which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radicals, until then until the following conditions are met:Poisonous and infectious substances capable of causing death, poisoning or disease when ingested or in contact with skin and mucous membranes.
6.2.1 Definitions
Under the Rules:
6.2.1.1 Infectious substances may contain pathogens. Pathogenic microorganisms include (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites, and others) substances such as prions that can lead to disease.
people or animals.
Note: Toxins released by plants, sources of bacteria that do not contain infectious or toxic substances, which in turn are not present in contaminated substances, are classified in the UN3172 classification in Section 6.1.
6.2.1.2 Biological products - products derived from living organisms, which are produced and distributed in accordance with the requirements of the relevant authorities, and which meet the conditions of licensing and are intended for the treatment or diagnosis of both humans and animals by experimental or calculated method. Biological products include finished products or semi-finished products, such as vaccines.
6.2.1.3 The cultivation of bacteria is the result of the activity of pathogens. This definition does not apply to samples specified in paragraph 3.6.2.1.4.
6.2.1.4 Samples taken from humans or animals include excreta, secretions, blood and other components, tissue samples and tissue fluid, as well as body parts brought in for research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
6.2.1.5 Medical or clinical waste - waste obtained as a result of medical treatment of animals or humans, as well as bio-research.
6.2.2 Classification of infectious substances
6.2.2.1 Infectious substances are listed in Section 6.2 and are numbered UN2814, UN2900, UN 3291 or UN3373, respectively.
6.2.2.2 Infectious substances are classified into the following categories.
6.2.2.2.1 Category A:
Infectious substances that are transported in a form that, in the event of an explosion, can lead to disability, can cause a threat to life or lead to a fatal outcome of people and animals. Such substances include substances in table 3.6.D.
Note: An explosion can be caused by the release of an infectious substance from the protective packaging as a result of physical contact with animals or people.
(a) Infectious substances that meet these criteria and pose a threat to animal or human life should be assigned UN 2814. Infectious substances that may cause disease in animals should be assigned UN 2900.
(b) The procedure for assigning UN 2814 or UN 2900 numbers must be based on clinical history and symptoms, endemic manifestations or expert judgment as to the cause of the disease.
Notes:
1. The UN 2814 shipping name is used for infectious substances that pose a threat to human life. The UN 2900 shipping name is used for infectious substances that pose a threat to animal life.
2. The table is incomplete. Infectious substances, including emerging or potential pathogens, that are not listed in the table but meet the criteria are Category A. In addition, those that are in doubt are Category A.
3. In the list, microorganisms whose names are written in Italian include bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia or fungi.
The causative agent of anthrax (spread)
infectious substances
The causative agent of brucellosis in cattle (breeding)
The causative agent of brucellosis in small cattle (breeding)
The causative agent of brucellosis in pigs (breeding)
Polymorphic bacterium - glanders (breeding)
Motile rod-shaped bacterium (breeding)
Psittacosis - bird strain (breeding)
Clostridium botulinum (breeding)
Pathogenic parasitic fungus (breeding)
The causative agent of fever (breeding)
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Dengue virus (breeding)
Eastern equine encephalitis (breeding)
coli, verotoxin (dilution)
ebola virus
Floxal virus
small gram-negative rod (breeding)
Guanarito virus
Hantaan virus
Hantavirus with renal failure syndrome
Hendra virus
Hepatitis B virus (breeding)
lichen B virus (breeding)
HIV (breeding)
highly pathogenic avian influenza (breeding)
Japanese encephalitis (breeding)
Junin virus
kiasanur fever
Lassa virus
Bolivian fever
marburg disease
monkeypox
tuberculosis bacillus (breeding)
Nipah virus
Omsk hemorrhagic fever
polio virus (breeding)
rabies virus
causative agent of epidemic typhus (breeding)
spotted fever causative agent (breeding)
rift valley virus
Tick-borne encephalitis (breeding)
sabia virus
dysenteric bacillus type 1 (breeding)
tick-borne encephalitis virus (breeding)
variola virus
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
West Nile virus (breeding)
yellow fever virus (breeding)
causative agent of bubonic plague (breeding)
African swine fever virus (breeding)
velogenic Newcastle disease virus type 1 (breeding)
classical swine fever (breeding)
foot-and-mouth disease virus (breeding)
goat pox virus (breeding)
nodular dermatosis (breeding)
contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (breeding)
Plague of small ruminants (breeding)
plague virus (breeding)
sheep pox (breeding)
swine vesicular disease (breeding)
vesicular stomatitis virus (breeding)
6.2.2.2.2 Category B:
Infectious substances that meet the criteria for Category A. Category B infectious substances should be assigned UN 3373.
Note: The shipping name of the substance is UN 3373 - evaluation of specimens or clinical specimens, Category B. On January 01, 2007, the use of the shipping name of specimens and clinical specimens will be prohibited.
6.2.2.3 Exceptions
6.2.2.3.1 Materials that do not contain infectious substances or substances for which the likelihood of disease in humans and animals is not regulated by the Rules, as long as these substances do not meet the criteria for another category.
6.2.2.3.2 Substances containing micro-organisms that are not non-pathogenic to humans and animals are not regulated by the Regulations until such substances meet the criteria of another category.
6.2.2.3.3 Substances in a form in which the action of pathogens has been neutralized, for example, if the likelihood of a health risk is excluded, are not regulated by the Rules, until such substances meet the criteria of another category.
6.2.2.3.4 Environmental samples (food and water samples), which exclude the possibility of contamination, are not regulated by the Rules, as long as these substances do not meet the criteria of another category.
6.2.2.3.5 Samples of dried blood spots obtained by exposing blood drops to an absorbent material or by performing a test for the collection of blood or blood components that have been taken for transfusion or preparation of blood products for transfusion and transplantation, as well as tissue or organ samples for transplantation not regulated by the Rules.
6.2.2.3.6 Samples from patients for which there is a minimal likelihood of containing pathogens are not regulated by the Regulations if the samples are in packaging that prevents leakage and is labeled “Samples from humans” or “Samples from humans” or “Samples taken from animals." Packaging must meet the following criteria:
(a) The package must contain three components:
(i) sealed primary packaging(s);
(ii) sealed secondary packaging; And
(iii) outer packaging of adequate strength according to weight and use, and with at least one 100 mm x 100 mm cover;
(b) for liquids, the absorbent material must be
placed between the primary and secondary packaging so that (during transport) any leakage of the liquid substance does not get on the outer packaging and does not damage the protective material;
(c) Fragile substances are placed in secondary packaging, with each substance wrapped separately to avoid contact with other substances.
NOTE: When pathogens are identified in patient samples, peer review is required to determine if the substance is on the exclusion list. Such an assessment is made on the basis of medical history and symptoms, endemic manifestations or expert judgment regarding the causes of the disease.
Samples that may be carried include blood tests, urine tests to monitor cholesterol, glucose, hormone levels, or prostate specific antigen; tests that require evaluation, such as heart, liver or kidney function in patients who do not have infectious diseases, or clinical testing of a drug; for the purposes of insurance and employment - for the presence of narcotic drugs and alcohol; pregnancy test; biopsy for cancer disease; and detection of antibodies in humans and animals.
6.2.3 Biological products
6.2.3.1 Within the framework of the Rules, biological products are divided into the following groups:
(a) products that have been manufactured and packaged in accordance with certain requirements and are transported for final packaging or sale, or use for medical purposes. Substances of this group are not regulated by the Rules.
(b) products not included in this paragraph (a) that may contain infectious substances and meet the criteria for Category A or Category B. Substances in this group should be assigned the numbers UN2814, UN2900 or UN3373.
Note: Some licensed biological products may only be biohazardous in certain countries. In this case, the competent authorities may require that biological products meet local requirements for infectious substances or impose additional restrictions on these products.
6.2.4 Genetically modified microorganisms and organisms
6.2.4.1 Genetically modified micro-organisms that do not meet the definition of infectious substances shall be classified according to the conditions of subsection 3.9.
6.2.5 Medical or clinical waste
6.2.5.1 Category A medical or clinical waste that contains infectious substances should be assigned UN2814 or UN2900. Category B medical or clinical waste that contains infectious substances should be assigned UN3291.
6.2.5.2 Medical or clinical waste that is unlikely to contain infectious substances should be assigned UN3291. Note: The shipping name for UN3291 is clinical waste, unspecified, or (bio)medical waste, regulated medical waste.
6.2.5.3 Decontaminated medical or clinical waste that previously contained infectious substances is not regulated by the Regulations until those substances meet the criteria for another category.
6.2.6 Infected animals
6.2.6.1 Intentionally infected animals that may contain infectious substances must not be transported by air until the infectious substances have been transported by other means. Infected animals may only be transported under conditions laid down by the competent authorities.
6.2.6.2 Otherwise, the use of animals with infectious substances is prohibited.
6.2.6.3 Animal carcasses affected by Category A pathogens should be assigned UN 2814 or UN 2900 numbers. Animal carcasses affected by Category B pathogens should be transported in accordance with the requirements established by the competent authorities.
6.2.7 Patient samples should be assigned UN 2814, UN 2900 or UN 3373 unless the samples are subject to the conditions of 3.6.2.2.3.
The package must be labeled RADIOACTIVE yellow (LSA III). Some "special purpose" radioactive substances with low specific activity do not have a label, however, RADIOACTIVE must be written on the packaging of such substances.
Enclosed vehicle means a vehicle or a vehicle fitted with a securely attached outer containment that restricts access by unauthorized persons to a cargo area containing class 7 (radioactive) materials.
A containment system for packagings designed to contain radioactive contents during transport.
Means of transportation:
1. For transportation by road or rail: any vehicle or large freight container;
2. For carriage by water transport: any vessel or cargo compartment, partition or fenced area on the deck of the vessel, including any vehicle on board the vessel; And
3. For transportation by air, any air vehicle.
Design means a description of a specific Class 7 (radioactive) material, package, or LSA-III that allows these items to be fully specified. This description may include specifications, technical drawings, regulatory compliance reports, and other relevant documentation.
In turn, the shipper wants to get the finished result and not worry about who will handle the freight. The priority is to get a quality service at an affordable price. Therefore, before sending the goods, the shipper must take care of the correct choice of the organizer of transportation. However, in order to choose a competent and responsible specialist, you need to spend time.
Fissile materials are plutonium-238, plutonium-239, plutonium-241, uranium-233, uranium-235, or any combination of these radionuclides. neutrons.
Fissile material means any shipment that contains one or more packages that have been marked in accordance with 49 CFR 173.457, indexes and nuclear criticality controls greater than 10.
Cargo Container means a reusable container having a volume of 1.81 cubic meters (64 cubic feet) or more, designed and built to allow it to be lifted during transport. A small freight container is one that has either an external dimension of less than 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) or an internal volume of not more than 3.0 cubic meters (106 cu ft). All other freight containers are defined as large freight containers.
Calculation of the number of packages that can be placed in a container or truck. The download calculator is available for free use by our visitors.
1. 3000 times the A1 volume of radionuclides per 49CFR 173.435 for Class 7 (radioactive substances);
2. 3000 times the A2 volume of radionuclides per 49CFR 173.435 for Class 7 (radioactive substances); or
3. 1000 Tbq (27000 Ci), whichever is the smallest.
Class 7 (radioactive) limited quantity means a quantity of Class 7 (radioactive) material not exceeding the limits specified in 49 CFR 173.425 and meeting the requirements specified in 49 CFR 173.421.
Low specific activity (LSA) means class 7 (radioactive) materials with restricted use, which satisfies the description and limitations set out below. Protective materials surrounding the LSA material cannot be taken into account when determining the average specific activity of the contents of the package.
8.1 Acids.
8.2 Alkalis.
8.3 Miscellaneous caustic and corrosive substances.The main danger is causticity (corrosivity).
Substances with a relatively low danger during transportation, not assigned to any of the previous classes, but requiring the application of certain rules for transportation and storage.
There is no dominant main hazard in this class (for example: plastic, which, when burned, releases a strong poison - dioxin).
According to ADR, all dangerous goods must have a certain packing group. The packing group characterizes the degree of danger of the cargo being transported. They are divided into three groups:
I - very dangerous cargo.
II is just a dangerous cargo.
III - slightly dangerous goods.
The hazard feature of class 3 is the ability to evaporate. Closed packaging eliminates the formation and leakage of vapors. Class 3 may have one main hazard and a maximum of 2 subsidiary hazards.
Class 1. Main danger.
Class 2. Main danger + toxicity.
Class 3. Main danger + corrosiveness.
Class 4. Main danger + toxicity + corrosiveness.
Class 4.1 - packing group - II or III. Approximately 5% of these substances have an additional hazard - thermal instability - the possibility of an explosion (sulfur, cellulose).
Class 4.2 - packing group - I,II,III.
Class 4.3 - packing group - I,II,III.
Class 5.1 - packing group - I,II,III (mineral fertilizers, hydrogen peroxide).
Class 5.2 - no packaging groups (raw materials from chemical plants).
Class 6.1 - packing groups - I,II,III. It has many additional hazards (hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, substances containing mercury, etc.).
Class 6.2 - no packing groups.
Class 8 - packing groups - I,II,III. Has many additional dangers.
Class 9 - packing groups - II, III. (asbestos dust is a carcinogen, substances during combustion of which emit dioxins, also carcinogens, do not decompose for 20 years).
The peculiarity of class 2 is that it has no main hazard and no packing groups. It has the following special dangerous properties and their special designations:
A - suffocating - create a lack of oxygen for breathing in enclosed spaces (inert gases).
O - oxidizing, that is, contributing to combustion (oxygen).
F - flammability (propane).
T - poisonous.
Then two or more dangerous properties at the same time.
TF - poisonous + flammable.
TC - poisonous + caustic (corrosive).
TO - poisonous + oxidizing.
TFC - poisonous + flammable + caustic.
TOC - poisonous + oxidizing (burning) + caustic (corrosive).
The main regulatory documents for the carriage of dangerous goods by sea are:
International code for the carriage of dangerous goods by sea (IC RID).
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78).
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 74).
Normative acts of individual states.
On the basis of federal regulations, rules and instructions for the handling of dangerous goods have been developed and approved, which clearly regulate all procedures for control, safe transportation during multimodal transportation of goods, storage and transshipment in seaports. According to Russian laws, ships that have documents in accordance with the Rules for the Maritime Transportation of Dangerous Goods (MOPOG Rules) are allowed to transport dangerous goods.
When developing a route and calculating the cost of transportation, it is important to take into account the need for additional securing of cargo, carrying out loading and unloading operations with extreme caution and the possibility of providing special equipment.
The movement of dangerous goods by rail is regulated by the Agreement on International Cargo Transport by Rail (SMGS), the Convention on International Carriage by Rail (COTIF), the Rules for the International Carriage of Goods by Rail (RID), regulations of individual states and commonwealths.
There are the following features of the transportation of dangerous goods: a vehicle for the transportation of dangerous goods must be ordered in advance (usually 2-3 business days from the expected date of transportation); for the transportation of dangerous goods, it is necessary to prepare emergency cards, which are compiled on the basis of the Substance Passport, as well as route sheets, which indicate the routes for the transportation of dangerous goods.
The driver must strictly adhere to the routes indicated in the route sheet; it is necessary to prepare accompanying documents for the transportation of dangerous goods: certificates, substance passport, TTN, invoices. As a rule, it takes 3-5 days to issue and agree on the route for the transportation of dangerous goods; when transporting dangerous goods, it is necessary to observe the speed limit, therefore, high-speed transportation of ADR cargo is not allowed; some groups of dangerous goods are allowed to be transported together; during loading, unloading, as well as during the transportation of dangerous goods, the driver is a responsible person, and therefore he has the right not to accept the ADR cargo for transportation if the accompanying documentation is drawn up incorrectly or with errors, the rules for the transportation of dangerous goods are not followed, damaged or the container is deformed.
Hazard signs are applied: on packages having the shape of a parallelepiped (including containers and packages), on the side, end and top surfaces: on barrels - on one of the bottoms and on the shell from two opposite sides; on bags - in the upper part at the seam on both sides; on bales and bales - on the end and side surfaces.
The bill of lading must be written in the official (state) language of the consignor. If this language is not English, French, German, then additionally in one of these languages.
When recording the name of the dangerous goods being transported on the consignment note, the UN… (or ANO…) identification number (for example, UN 1256) is indicated first.
The full name of the dangerous goods is then recorded (eg nitric acid).
Then the main hazard class is indicated (the number of the main hazard sign is called) and, if any, the subsidiary hazard class (in brackets) (the number of the subsidiary hazard sign is called) - 8 (6.1), and the packing group, if any, is indicated - I.
Example of a complete entry: UN 1256, nitric acid, 8 (6.1), I.
Packing form, quantity and weight are written in words, for example: UN 1256, nitric acid, 3, III (drums, 10 pieces, 2000 kg).
Empty and uncleaned packages - examples:
Empty barrels, 3 (6.1).
Empty tanker, last load UN 1230, methanol, 3 (6.1), II.
Empty tank truck, last load UN 1203, gasoline, 3, II.
These entries can be made by the driver himself at any place in the copy of the consignment note of the last load. These entries are required.